Abstract: The research focused on the application of mixed binder system to the hydraulically bound mixes used in road base (HBM). This paper presents the outcome of the tests for the mechanical characteristics of the HBM road base in terms of the binder type used. Seven binders were prepared in a laboratory by blending three primary constituents: Portland cement CEM I 32,5R, fluidised bed combustion fly ash and cement kiln dust (CKD). The proportions were selected according to the experimental design. The percent amount of the binder in the hydraulically bound mixture was 6%. Two types of aggregate were used as the mineral material in the base. The composition of the mixtures was designed based on the Proctor method. The influence of the binders on the properties of the HBM road base was evaluated by determining the compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days of curing, frost resistance and water absorption. The test results were used to optimise the binder composition with respect to the road base characteristics and to establish the recommended road binder composition. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
B I B L I O G R A F I A1. M. Iwański, G. Mazurek, Hydrated Lime as the Anti-aging Bitumen Agent. 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structure and Techniques (MBMST), Vilnus, Lithuania Vol. 57, (2013) 424-432. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.055
2. A. Graziani, C. Godenzoni, F. Cardone, M. Bocci, Effect of curing on the physical and mechanical properties of cold-recycled bituminous mixtures, Materials and Design 95 (2016) 358–369. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.094
3. A. Behnood, M. M. Gharehveran, F. G. Asl, M. Ameri, Effects of copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate on the properties of CIR mixtures with bitumen emulsion, rice husk ash, Portland cement and fly ash, Construction and Building Materials Volume 96 (2015) 172–180 doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.021
4. M. Iwański, A. Chomicz-Kowalska, The effects of using foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion in the cold recycling technology. The 8th International Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania: (2011) 1089-1096. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.056
5. P. Buczyński, M. Lech, The properties the hydraulically bound mixture in aspect of hydraulic road binder with one-, two- and three-component, Procedia Engineering Volume 108, 37th Scientific-Technical Conference on Material Problems in Civil Engineering MATBUD'2015, (2015) 116–123. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.126
6. W. Wons, M. Ciepiel, Poprawa nośności gruntów spoistych wieloskładnikowymi spoiwami wapiennymi. Magazyn Autostrady 5/2014. p. 46-49 [Improvement of coherent soils with multicomponent limestone binders – in Polish]
7. S. Garber, R. O. Rasmussen, D. Harrington, Guide to cement-based integrated pavement solutions, Portland Cement Association, Skokie (2011)
8. M. Iwański, A. Chomicz-Kowalska, Laboratory Study on Mechanical Parameters of Foamed Bitumen Mixture in the Cold Recycling Technology. 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structure and Techniques (MBMST), Vilnus, Lithuania, Vol. 57, (2013) 433-442. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.056
9. M. Iwański, A. Chomicz-Kowalska, Evaluation of the effect of using foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion in cold recycling technology. 3rd International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure, Pisa, Italy (2014) 69 - 76. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.056
10. S. Chummuneerat, P. Jitsangiam, H. Nikraz, Performances of hydrated cement treated crushed rock base for Western Australian roads, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (2014) 432–438. doi:10.1016/S2095-7564(15)30293-2
11. A. Mahamedi, M. Khemissa, Stabilization of an expansive over consolidated clay using hydraulic binders. HBRC Journal (2014) 82-90. doi:10.1016/j.hbrcj.2014.03.001
12. J.N. Eiras, F. Segovia, M.V. Borrachero, J. Monzó, M. Bonilla, J. Payá, Physical and mechanical properties of foamed Portland cement composite containing crumb rubber from worn tires, Materials and Design 59 (2014) 550–557. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.021
13. A. Modarres, P. Ayar, Comparing the mechanical properties of cold recycled mixture containing coal waste additive and ordinary Portland cement, International Journal of Pavement Engineering. (2014) 211-224. doi:10.1080/10298436.2014.979821.
14. A. Mackie, S. Boilard, M.E. Walsh, C.B. Lake, Physicochemical characterization of cement kiln dust for potential reuse in acidic wastewater treatment, Journal of Hazardous Materials Volume 173, Issues 1–3,(2010) 283–291. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.081
15. J. Deja, Ł. Gołek, Ł. Kołodziej, Application of glass cullet in binder production. Cement-Lime-Concrete Vol. 2011/6 (2011) 349-354.
16. M. Bożym, Alternatywne metody wykorzystania pyłów z pieców wapienniczych i cementowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem gospodarki osadowej. Instytut Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych, Nr 8. (2011) 59-68. [Alternative methods for cement and lime kiln dust use with the focus of sewage sludge pretreatment – in Polish]
17. T. Singh, A. Patnaik, R. Chauhan. Optimization of tribological properties of cement kiln dust-filled brake pad using grey relation analysis. Materials & Design Volume 89, (2016) 1335–1342. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.045
18. J. Śliwiński, T. Tracz , J Deja, A. Łagosz, Wybrane właściwości betonów z dodatkiem frakcjonowanego popiołu lotnego krzemionkowego i popiołu fluidalnego. Cement-Lime-Concrete. Vol. 2013/2, (2013) 81-90. [Selected properties of concrete with the addition of fractioned siliceous fly ash and fluidized bed combustion ash – in Polish].
19. J. Judycki, P. Jaskuła, M. Pszczoła, J. Alenowicz, B. Dołżycki, M. Jaczewski, D. Ryś, M. Stienss, Katalog typowych konstrukcji nawierzchni podatnych i półsztywnych. Gdańsk 2012. Generalna Dyrekacja Dróg krajowych i Autostrad. (2012) 1-117. [Catalogue of typical flexible and semi-rigid pavement structures – in Polish].
20. B Dołżycki. Spękania nawierzchni z podbudową z mieszanki MCE na przykładzie drogi krajowej nr 7. 4th International Conference: Modern Technologies in Highway Engineering, Poznań (2009) 83-93 [Cracking of the road pavement constructed with the MCE base layer – national road no. 7- in Polish].
21. Wytyczne techniczne WT-5 2010. Mieszanki związane spoiwem hydraulicznym do dróg krajowych. Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad, Warszawa (2010) 1-99.
[Technical Guidelines WT-5 2010. Hydraulic binder bound mixtures for national roads. – in Polish].
22. A. C Atkinson, A N Donev, Optimum Experimental Designs, Oxford Science Publications, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992.
23. PN-EN 933-1:2012 - Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates. Determination of particle size distribution. Sieving method.
24. PN-EN 13286-50 - Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures. Method for the manufacture of test specimens of hydraulically bound mixtures using Proctor equipment or vibrating table compaction.
25. G. Derringer, R. Suich, Simultaneous optimization of several response variables, Journal of Quality Technology 12 vol. 4, (1980) 214-219.
26. PN-EN 13286-41 - Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures. Test method for determination of the compressive strength of hydraulically bound mixtures
27. D.C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, 8th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
28. A. Szydło, P. Mackiewicz, R. Wardęga, B. Krawczyk, Katalog typowych nawierzchni sztywnych. GDDKiA 2014. [Catalogue of typical rigid pavements – in Polish].
29. P. Buczyński. Właściwości recyklowanej podbudowy z asfaltem spienionym w aspekcie spoiw drogowych. Drogownictwo Vol. 6 (2015) 195-199 [The properties of the recycled base layer with foamed bitumen in terms of road binders].
30. Zivorad L. 2004. Design of Experiments in Chemical Engineering. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 
Pełny tekst 
DOI 
Web of Science