Abstract: This research is a continuation of study of driver behaviour in accident risk situations, previously conducted by the authors. This research included two new road accident situations.The purpose of this study was to determine the reaction time of drivers to an accident situation
involving pedestrians entering in the road area from the left or right side. Research was conducted on the drivers’ behaviour in a simulated traffic situations on a track, which introduced pedestrians into the road area. In this study, an analysis has been conducted on
the values of drivers’ reaction times on the accelerator pedal, brake pedal and on the steering wheel. Driver reaction times have been shown as a function of TTC (Time To Collision) which characterizes accident risk situations. Driver reaction time determined on the pedestrian mock-up entering from the left hand side are longer than the reaction times determined for pedestrian mock-up entering from the right side of road. How often drivers performed defensive driving manoeuvers was also assessed. On the basis of data collected, it can be concluded that drivers are more prone to brake (service brake pedal reaction) when a pedestrian mock-up appears from the right side. Avoidance of obstacle for both test variants are almost identical. The conducted research confirmed that the reaction time is
approximately a linear function of TTC time. As a result, we suggest that in order to analyze road accidents one should use reaction times dependent on TTC time.
B I B L I O G R A F I AAlm, H., & Nilsson, L. (1995). Effects of mobile telephone use on elderly drivers behaviour including comparisons to young drivers behaviours. Accident
Analysis & Prevention, 27(5), 707–715.
Baulk, S. D., Reyner, L. A., & Home, J. A. (2001). Drive sleepiness – Evaluation of reaction time measurement as a secondary task. Sleep, 24(6), 695–698.
Bäumler, H. (2007). Reaktionszeten im Straßenverkehr. Ferkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik Teil 1, 11, 300–307.
Connor, J., Norton, R., Amertunga, S., Robinson, E., Cicil, I., Dunn, R., et al (2002). Driver sleepiness and risk of serious injury to car occupants: population
based case control study. BMJ, 324(7346), 1125–1128.
Consiglio, W., Driscoll, P., Witte, M., & Berg, W. P. (2003). Effect of cellular telephone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time in a
braking response. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(4), 495–500.
Dannert, G. (1998). Grundprobleme der Reaktionzeit des Kraftfahrers. Ferkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik, 12, 328–334.
Dettinger, J. (2008). Reaktionsdauer bei Notbremsungen – Entwicklung und Status quo des Erkenntnisstande-Teil 1. Verkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik,
46(6), 180–187 (in German).
Fröming, R. (2008). Assessment of integrated pedestrian protection systems. Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12, Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik, 681 (in
German).
Ganz, S. B., Levin, A. Z., Peterson, M. G., & Ranawat, C. S. (2003). Improvement in driving reaction time after total hip arthroplasty. Clinical Orthopaedics &
Related Research, 413, 192–200.
Green, M. (2000). ‘‘How long does it take to stop?’’ Methodological analysis of driver perception-brake times. Transportation Human Factors, 2(3), 195–216.
Hillenbrand, J. (2008). Fahrerassistenz zur Kollisionsvermeidung. PhD thesis. Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe 12, Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik, 669.
Hindmarch, I. (2004). Psychomotor function and psychoactive drugs. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58(7), S720–S740.
Hoffmann, J. (2008). Das Darmstädter Verfahren (EVITA) zum Testen und Bewerten von Frontalkollisionsgegenmaßnahmen. Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, Reihe
12: Verkehrstechnik/Fahrzeugtechnik, 693.
Hugemann, W. (2002). Driver reaction times in road traffic. In Proceedings of XI EVU annual meeting (European association for accident research and accident
analysis) EVU 2002, 6–7 September 2002, Portorozˇ, Slovenija.
Jurecki, R., Jas´kiewicz, M., & Zuska, A. (2013). The variety of the behaviour of drivers at risk accident situation. Scientific Journal Maritime University of
Szczecin, 35(107), 38–46.
Jurecki, R., & Ludwinek, K. (2013). The control system of mock-ups in the study drivers’ behaviour in case of emergency situations. Przegla˛d
Elektrotechniczny, 89(4), 71–79.
Jurecki, R., & Stan´ czyk, T. L. (2009). Driver model for the analysis of pre-accident situations. Vehicle System Dynamics, 47(5), 589–612.
Jurecki, R., & Stan´ czyk, T. L. (2011a). The test method and the reaction time of drivers. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnos´c´ – Maintenance and Reliability, 3, 84–90.
Jurecki, R., & Stan´ czyk, T. L. (2011b). Driver model for the analysis of pre-accident situations – Similarities and differences of result on a track and in a
simulator. The Archives of Automotive Engineering/Archiwum Motoryzacji, 1, 149–172.
Keall, M., Frith, W. J., & Patterson, T. L. (2004). The influence of alcohol, age and number of passengers on the night-time risk of driver fatal injury in New
Zealand. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(1), 49–61.
Krause, R., de Vries, N., & Friebel, W.-Ch. (2007). Mensch und Bremse in Notbremssituationen mit Pkw – neue Erkenntnise zu Prozesszeiten beim Bremsen.
Teil 1. Ferkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik, 6, 164–171.
Madeley, P., Hulley, J. L., Wildgust, H., & Mindham, R. H. (1990). Parkinson’s disease and driving ability. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 53(7),
580–582.
McGehee, D. V., Mazzae, E. N., & Baldwin, G. H. S. (2000). Driver reaction time in crash avoidance research: validation of a driving simulator study on a test
track. In Proceedings of the 14th triennial congress of the international ergonomics association and the 44th annual meeting of the human factors and
ergonomics society (IEA 2000), San Diego/USA (Vol. 6, pp. III-320–III-323).
Muttart, J. W. (2004). Driver response in various environments estimated empirically: DRIVE3. In Proceedings IX conference: problems accident reconstruction,
Zakopane (Poland) 2004.
Ogden, E. J. D., & Moskowitz, H. (2004). Effects of alcohol and other drugs on driver performance. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5(3), 185–198.
Oxley, J., Lenné, M., & Corben, B. (2006). The effect of alcohol impairment on road-crossing behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and
Behaviour, 9(4), 258–268.
Philip, P., Sagaspe, P., Moore, N., Taillard, J., Charles, A., Guilleminault, C., et al (2005). Fatigue, sleep restriction and driving performance. Accident Analysis &
Prevention, 37(3), 473–478.
Spalding, T. J. W., Kiss, J., Kyberd, P., Turner-Smith, A., & Simpson, A. H. (1994). Driver reaction time after total knee replacement. The Journal of Bone & Join
Surgery, 76-B(5), 754–756.
Stan´ czyk, T. L., & Jurecki, R. (2007). Precision in estimation time of driver reaction in car accident reconstruction. In Proceedings of XVI EVU annual meeting
(European association for accident research and accident analysis), Krakow (Poland) (pp. 325–333).
Stan´ czyk, T. L., Lozia, Z., Pienia˛ _ zek, W., & Jurecki, R. S. (2010). Research studies on drivers’ reactions for incoming vehicle from right-hand side. In Proceedings
of the 19th annual congress EVU, Praque (Czech Republic) 14–16 October 2010 (pp. 41–53).
Stan´ czyk, T. L., & Jurecki, R. (2008). Fahrereaktionszeiten in Unfallrisikosituationen – neue Fahrbahn- und Fahrsimulatorversuche. Verkehrsunfall und
Fahrzeugtechnik, 07–08, 235–246.
Stan´ czyk, T. L., Jurecki, R. S., Jas´kiewicz, M., Walczak, S., & Janczur, R. (2011). Researches on the reaction of pedestrian steeping into the road from the right
side from behind and an pedestrian mock-up realized on the truck. Journal of Kones, 18(1), 615–622.
Stan´ czyk, T. L., Jurecki, R. S., Zuska, A., Walczak, S., & Maniowski, M. (2012). On the track researches of driver’s reaction time to the big lorry entering the
crossroad from the right side with limited visibility. Monographs of the Maintenance System Unit Problems of Maintenance of Sustainable Technological
Systems. Volume IV Automotive Engineering and Vehicle Safety Engineering, Kielce, 2012, 140–151.
Törnros, J. (1995). Effect of driving speed on reaction time during motorway driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 27(4), 435–442.
Yang, H.-H., & Peng, H. (2010). Development and evaluation of collision warning/collision avoidance algorithms using an errable driver model. Vehicle
System Dynamics, 48, 525–535.
Zaranka, J., Guzek, M., & Pecˇeliunas, R. (2011). Experimental research on influence of alcohol on drivers psychophysiological quality. In Proceedings of the 7th
international scientific conference Transbaltica 2011, May 5–6, Vilnius, Lithuania (pp. 155–158).
Zöller, H., & Hugemann, W. (1998). Zur Problematik der Bremsreaktion im Strabenverkehr. 37 BDP-Kongreß für Verkehrspsychologie, Braunschweig. (in German).
Zomotor, A. (1991). Fahrwerktechnik: Fahrferhalten. Würzburg: Vogel Buchverlag. 
Pełny tekst 
DOI 
Web of Science