Abstract: Heat pumps are the ideal solution for powering new passive and low-energy buildings, as geothermal resources provide buildings with heat and electricity almost continuously throughout the year. Among geothermal technologies, heat pump systems with vertical well heat exchangers have been recognized as one of the most energy-efficient solutions for space heating and cooling in residential and commercial buildings. A large number of scientific studies have been devoted to the study of heat transfer in and around the ground heat exchanger. The vast majority of them were performed by numerical simulation of heat transfer processes in the soil massif–heat pump system. To analyze the efficiency of a ground heat exchanger, it is fundamentally important to take into account the main factors that can affect heat transfer processes in the soil and the external environment of vertical ground heat exchangers. In this work, numerical simulation methods were used to describe a mathematical model of heat transfer processes in a porous soil massif and a U-shaped vertical heat exchanger. The purpose of these studies is to determine the influence of the filtration properties of the soil as a porous medium on the performance characteristics of soil heat exchangers. To study these problems, numerical modeling of hydrodynamic processes and heat transfer in a soil massif was performed under the condition that the pores were filled only with liquid. The influence of the filtration properties of the soil as a porous medium on the characteristics of the operation of a soil heat exchanger was studied. The dependence of the energy characteristics of the operation of a soil heat exchanger and a heat pump on a medium with which the pores are filled, as well as on the porosity of the soil and the size of its particles, was determined.
B I B L I O G R A F I AReferences
Arif, W.
Youhei, U.
Hikari, F.
Hiroyuki, K.
Isao, T.
Yutaro, S.
Srilert, C.
Punya, C.
Trong, T.T. Numerical simulations on potential application of ground source heat pumps with vertical ground heat exchangers in Bangkok and Hanoi. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 6932–6944. [Google Scholar]
Yilmaz, T.
Oezbek, A.
Yilmaz, A.
ve Bueyuekalaca, O. Influence of upper layer properties on the ground temperature distribution. Isi Bilimi Ve Tek. Derg. J. Therm. Sci. Technol. 2009, 29, 43–51. [Google Scholar]
Eswiasi, A.
Mukhopadhyaya, P. Critical Review on Efficiency of Ground Heat Exchangers in Heat Pump Systems. Clean Technol. 2020, 2, 204–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Fang, L.
Diao, N.
Fang, Z.
Zhu, K.
Zhang, W. Study on the efficiency of single and double U-tube heat exchangers. Procedia Eng. 2017, 205, 4045–4051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Liu, X.
Spitler, J.D.
Qu, M.
Shi, L. Recent Developments in the Design of Vertical Borehole Ground Heat Exchangers for Cost Reduction and Thermal Energy Storage. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2021, 143, 100803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bernier, M. A review of vertical ground heat exchanger sizing tools including an inter-model comparison. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 110, 247–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lenhard, R.
Malcho, M. Numerical simulation device for the transport of geothermal heat with forced circulation of media. Math. Comput. Model. 2013, 57, 111–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Omer, A. Heat exchanger technology and applications: Ground source heat pump system for buildings heating and cooling. MOJ Appl. Bionics Biomech. 2018, 2, 92–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nurullah, K.
Hakan, D. Numerical modelling of transient soil temperature distribution for horizontal ground heat exchanger of ground source heat pump. Geothermics 2018, 73, 33–47. [Google Scholar]
Sohn, B. Thermal Property Measurement of Bentonite-Based Grouts and Their Effects on Design Length of Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger. Trans. Korea Soc. Geotherm. Energy Eng. 2019, 15, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
Liu, X.
Xiao, Y.
Inthavong, K.
Tu, J. Experimental and numerical investigation on a new type of heat exchanger in ground source heat pump system. Energy Effic. 2015, 8, 845–857. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Florides, G.
Kalogirou, S. First in situ determination of the thermal performance of a U-pipe borehole heat exchanger, in Cyprus. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008, 28, 157–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Luo, J.
Rohn, J.
Bayer, M.
Priess, A. Thermal efficiency comparison of borehole heat exchangers with different drill hole diameters. Energies 2013, 6, 4187–4206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Franco, A.
Conti, P. Clearing a Path for Ground Heat Exchange Systems: A Review on Thermal Response Test (TRT) Methods and a Geotechnical Routine Test for Estimating Soil Thermal Properties. Energies 2020, 13, 2965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Basok, B.I.
Belyaeva, T.G.
Kuzhel’, L.N.
Khibina, M.A. Simulation of the Heat Accumulation and Extraction Processes in the Heat Exchanger–Ground System. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2013, 86, 1355–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Basok, B.I.
Davydenko, B.V.
Lunina, A.A. Numerical Model of the Temperature Conditions of the Horizontal Ground Collector. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2012, 85, 1114–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Diao, N.R.
Zeng, H.Y.
Fang, Z.H. Improvement in Modeling of Heat Transfer in Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers. HVACR Res. 2004, 10, 459–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Li, Z.
Zheng, M. Development of a Numerical Model for the Simulation of Vertical U-tube Ground Heat Exchangers. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 920–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lee, C.K.
Lam, H.N. Computer Simulation of Borehole Ground Heat Exchangers for Geothermal Heat Pump Systems. Renew. Energy 2008, 33, 1286–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yuanlong, C.
Jie, Z. CFD Assessment of Multiple Energy Piles for Ground Source Heat Pump in Heating Mode. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 139, 99–112. [Google Scholar]
Basok, B.
Davydenko, B.
Pavlenko, A. Numerical Network Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer through Capillary-Porous Building. Materials 2021, 14, 1819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Koshlak, H.
Pavlenko, A. Heat and Mass Transfer During Phase Transitions in Liquid Mixtures. Rocz. Ochr. Srodowiska 2019, 21, 234–249. [Google Scholar]
Hu, W.
Jiang, Y.
Chen, D.
Lin, Y.
Han, Q.
Cui, Y. Impact of Pore Geometry and Water Saturation on Gas Effective Diffusion Coefficient in Soil. J. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Chamindu Deepagoda, T.K.K.
Smits, K.
Jayarathne, J.R.R.N.
Wallen, B.M.
Clough, T.J. Characterization of Grain-Size Distribution, Thermal Conductivity and Gas Diffusivity in Variably Saturated Binary Sand Mixtures. Vadose Zone J. 2018, 17, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pavlenko, A.M.
Koshlak, H. Application of Thermal and Cavitation Effects for Heat and Mass Transfer Process Intensification in Multicomponent Liquid Media. Energies 2021, 14, 7996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Diao, N.
Li, Q.
Fang, Z. Heat Transfer in Ground Heat Exchangers with Groundwater Advection. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 2004, 43, 1203–1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ghoreishi-Madiseh, S.A.
Hassani, F.
Mohammadian, A.
Radziszewski, P. A Transient Natural Convection Heat Transfer Model for Geothermal Borehole Heat Exchangers. J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 2013, 5, 043104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nield, D.A.
Bejan, A. Convection in Porous Media
Springer Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1992. [Google Scholar]
Serageldin, A.A.
Radwan, A.
Sakata, Y.
Katsura, T.
Nagano, K. The Effect of Groundwater Flow on the Thermal Performance of a Novel Borehole Heat Exchanger for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: Small Scale Experiments and Numerical Simulation. Energies 2020, 13, 1418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Alshehri, A.
Shah, Z. Computational Analysis of Viscous Dissipation and Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Medium on Radioactive Hybrid Nanofluid. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 2022, 30, 101728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shah, Z.
Alzahrani, E.O.
Dawar, A.
Ullah, A.
Khan, I. Influence of Cattaneo-Christov Model on Darcy-Forchheimer Flow of Micropolar Ferrofluid over a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet. Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 2020, 110, 104385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Patankar, S.V. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
Hemisphere: New York, NY, USA, 1980. [Google Scholar]
Basok, B.
Davydenko, B.
Bozhko, I.
Moroz, M. Unsteady Heat Transfer in a Horizontal Ground Heat Exchanger. Ind. Heat Eng. 2018, 40, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Basok, B.
Davydenko, B.
Bozhko, I.
Nedbailo, A. Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in the System Soil–Heat Exchanger–Heat Carrier. In Book of Abstracts, Actual Problems of Renewable Energy, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Proceedings of the V International Scietific-Technical Conference Actual Problems of Renewable Energy, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Kielce, Poland, 3–5 June 2021
Koszalin University of Technology: Koszalin, Poland, 2021
pp. 45–47. [Google Scholar]
Nakorchevskii, A.I. Heat Absorption by a Groundmass Due to the Action of Solar Radiation. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 2016, 89, 1394–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
Pełny tekst