Abstract: This monograph presents a mathematical model of fatigue-related changes in the properties of symmetric and asymmetric composite laminates consisting of unidirectional fiber glass fabrics, used as the reinforcement, and polyester and epoxy resin, used as the matrix, fabricated by vacuum bag moulding and contact moulding, respectively.
Basic strength parameters of composite materials were defined, taking into account the modification trend (the S-N curve and residual strength). It was emphasized how complex it is to determine modified fatigue parameters by increasing the number of material constants, especially if, for most of them, there are no definite indications concerning the methods of determination, and there have been no experimental verification at multi-stage loading.
The monograph attempts to analyze how different techniques of production of fibrous composite materials affect the quality and strength properties of composite laminates. The description of fatigue processes was based on the statistical analysis of the strength parameters (preliminary studies – Chapter 5, including an introductory analysis of the process parameters for different methods of fabrication of fibrous composite materials). It was essential to develop a methodology for determination of tensile strength, taking into account different composite fabrication technologies as well as cut-to-size processes.
The statistical analysis determined the relationship between the state of loading of fiber bundles and that of the composite, confirming the rightness of the hypotheses about normal and logarithmic-normal distributions of normal stresses for fibre bundles and for composite samples with different gauge lengths (LBP) obtained from the analyzed fibrous composite materials (hypothesis criterion for the level of significance being a = 0.05). The statistical analysis was used to monitor changes in strength, taking into account the phenomena resulting from different gauge lengths (scale effect, destruction, delamination).
The experimental data indicate that the strength values are higher for polymer-matrix composites produced by closed moulding, i.e. vacuum-assisted resin injection technologies (vacuum infusion, light resin transfer moulding, vacuum bagging) rather than by open moulding (manual moulding), as a result of better packing of macroparticles and maintaining the moulding parameters.
The verification of technological aspects was used to present a new procedure for the estimation of strength parameters of polymer-matrix composite at failure using the Markov process (the S-N curve and residual strength).
The parameters of the statistical distribution were used in the probabilistic model for the description of the fatigue curve (durability) and the accumulation of fatigue-related fracture of composites. The analysis of the calculation results shows that the model considered describes “the lower part” of the fatigue curve and the average value of the residual strength relatively well (which was illustrated for composite laminates produced by vacuum moulding methods). The model can be used to predict fatigue life at different levels of fatigue loading and to estimate the residual fatigue life after some initial fatigue loading. The model can be extended to cases of asymmetric cyclic loading by changing an arbitrary cycle with into a “replacement” pulse cycle.
The accuracy of the model was verified by means of experimental data. As a result, we obtained a tool for unified and coordinated description of static strength and fatigue life, a tool for estimation of residual strength and a tool for prediction of fatigue strength after preliminary fatigue loading. Although it is not possible to determine whether the problem has been solved, the analysis of some specific numerical examples shows that the model deserves further investigation. Extension of the model may be useful.
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